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Öğe 3D Carapace Asymmetry in Tortoises: A Geometric Morphometric Analysis(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2026) Günay, Ebuderda; Altundağ, Yusuf; Özkan, Ermiş; Ünal, Burak; Korkmazcan, Aycan; Kaşıkçı, Eyüp Kaan; İşbilir, Fatma[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Effects of subclinical pregnancy toxemia and L-carnitine supplementation on angiogenesis, energy metabolism, and fetal development in ewes(Elsevier B.V., 2026) Turgut, Ali Osman; Bilen, Ebru Karakaya; Koca, Davut; İşbilir, Fatma; Özöner, Özgür; Ünver, Ali; Şirin, Muhammed HasanSubclinical pregnancy toxemia (SPT) is a common metabolic disorder affecting small ruminants during late gestation under conditions of negative energy balance. This study investigated the effects of experimentally induced SPT on angiogenesis-related gene expression in uterine and placental tissues, hepatic energy metabolism-related gene expression, fetal and placental development, and selected serum biochemical parameters in ewes. The potential protective effects of L-carnitine supplementation were also evaluated. Nineteen crossbred Hamdani ewes were assigned to three groups: SPT (G1, n = 6), SPT supplemented with L-carnitine (G2, n = 7), and control (G3, n = 6). SPT was induced by dietary restriction from gestational day 100. Blood samples were collected on days 100, 110, 120, 130, and 138, and tissues were collected at day 138 for morphometric, histopathological, and molecular analyses. Maternal body weight, uterine weight, fetal weight, and placentome dimensions were significantly lower in G1 than in controls (p < 0.05). Histopathology revealed significant hepatic lipid accumulation in G1. Serum β-hydroxybutyrate, triglyceride, and cholesterol concentrations increased, whereas glucose concentrations decreased in G1 during late gestation (p < 0.05). L-carnitine supplementation improved these metabolic alterations in G2. Placental expression of VEGF, VEGFR1, and VEGFR2 was significantly downregulated in G1 compared with G2 and G3 (p < 0.05). Hepatic DGAT1 expression increased significantly in G1 (p < 0.05), whereas GPD1 and GK expression remained unchanged. These findings indicate that SPT impairs fetal and placental development, disrupts angiogenic signaling, and alters hepatic lipid metabolism. Dietary L-carnitine supplementation may compensate these adverse effects and improve maternal metabolic status and placental function in ewes. © 2026 Elsevier B.V.Öğe Investigation of Connective Tissue Fibers in the Spleen of Sheep Fetuses (Second and Third Trimester)(2025) Kandil, Banu; Baycumendur, Fusun Erhan; İşbilir, FatmaThe aim of this study was to reveal the development of connective tissue fibers in the spleen of sheep fetuses. For this purpose, two different study groups were formed, consisting of the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. In this study, a total of 12 sheep fetuses were used, with 6 fetuses in each group. The fetal spleen tissues were fixed in 10% formaldehyde. Subsequently, routine histological procedures were applied to the tissue samples. Tissue sections were stained using Gordon Sweet's silver staining method to identify reticular fibers, Masson's trichrome staining method to identify collagen fibers, and Verhoeff's Van Gieson staining method to identify elastic fibers. The collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers were observed in the capsules and trabeculae of the spleen of sheep fetuses in the second and third trimesters. The collagen fibers were long and wavy, while the elastic fibers were short and wavy in structure. The reticulum fibers formed networks by anastomosing. Additionally, the elastic fibers were interwoven with collagen fibers, and the collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers were denser in the third trimester compared to the second trimester. In addition, reticular fibers were dominant in the spleens of sheep fetuses in both trimesters. As a result, collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers were observed in the spleens of sheep fetuses during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. It was determined that with fetal development, the connective tissue fibers developed.Öğe Investigation of Metapodium and Acropodium Bones in Siirt-Colored Mohair Goat (Capra hircus) by 3D Modeling(2023) İşbilir, Fatma; Güzel, Barış CanStudies on Artiodactyla species benefit from the use of metapodial bones. Being one of the bones that completed its development early and being well preserved because it is not affected by environmental conditions, it can be unearthed as a single piece in archaeological excavations. In recent years, the disadvantages of 2D images have contributed to developing 3D modeling methods in medicine. Adult (1-3 years old), 10 male and 10 female Siirt-colored Mohair goat metacarpus and forelimb digit bones (phalanx proximalis, phalanx media and phalanx distalis) were used in our study. Bones were scanned with a computed tomography device. The resulting images were saved in DICOM format and 3D models were created using a special software. 14 osteometric measurements were taken from the metacarpus and 12 from the digit bones. The results were evaluated statistically. As a result of the statistical evaluation, in the metacarpus; Smallest Breadth of diaphysis (Sd), Breadth of distal (Bd), Medio-lateral width of condylus medialis width of condylus medialis (WCM), Depth of proximal (Dp), Antero- posterior diameter of external trochlea of condylus medialis (Dem) and Antero-posterior diameter of internal trochlea of condylus medialis (Dim) parameters were found to be statistically significant between males and females (P<0.01). For phalanx media, GLpe and Bp measurement parameters were statistically significant between genders (P<0.05). The data obtained from the study will contribute to anatomy education, the classification of bones obtained in zoo-archaeological excavations, and the determined anatomical features that will contribute to surgical approaches.Öğe Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of uropygial gland of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus)(2024) İşbilir, Fatma; Küpeli, Zehra Avcı; İşbilir, İhsan; Arıcan, İlker; Özyiğit, ÖzgürObjective: This study was carried out to investigate the anatomical, morphometric, topographic, and histological features of the uropygial gland in adult male and female budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). Material-Method: For this study, the glandula uropygialis of fourteen adult budgerigars (7 male, 7 female) were used in the study. This glandular structure located between the caudal vertebrae and pygostyle was removed by careful dissection. Morphological and histological characteristics of the dissected glandula uropygialis were determined. In addition, morphometric measurements and index calculations were performed. Tissue samples taken to determine the histological structure of the gland were stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E), Masson Trichrome's and Periodic Acid Schiff-Alcian Blue. Result: In the study, it was determined that the gland structure was heart shaped and consisted of two lobes, a papilla and a draining duct system. Uropygial gland weight was determined as 1.57±0.96 g in male birds and 1.52±0.09 g in female birds. As a result of the statistical evaluation, there were significant differences between the sexes in the parameters of lobe width (PÖğe Macroscopic Investigation of Muscles Affecting The Ankle (Articulatio Tarsi) And Digit Joints (Articulationes Digiti Pedis) in Quail (Coturnix Coturnix) and Pigeon (Columba Livia)(2023) İşbilir, Fatma; Arıcan, IlkerThe locomotor system consists of two separate parts, the passive motion system and the active locomotor system. While the passive locomotor system consists of bones and joints, the active locomotor system consists of muscles. The strongest connection between bones, joints and muscles is seen in the feet. Feet help different functions in poultry. One of these functions is the activity of the perch. Perching is an instinctive behavior, especially in chickens. There are different views on the perch. Among these views, the mechanisms reported as TKM and ODFM support each other. In our study, the muscles acting on the ankle and digit joints of quails and perching pigeons that do not have the ability to perch were examined macroscopically. For this purpose, hind legs of 20 adult quails and 20 adult pigeons were used. Live weights were determined with a precision scale. They were euthanized by cervical dislocation. After the right and left legs of the euthanized animals were separated from the body, their left legs were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution for dissection. Dissection was carried out simultaneously for both species. As a result of the study, it was determined that MFDL and MFHL muscle tendons, cartilage protrusions at the level of the metatarsophalangeal joint and pits in the tendon sheaths were more prominent in pigeons than in quails. If these protrusions and pits perform the perching activity by locking together like a zipper, it can be interpreted that pigeons are more suitable for perching activity than quails anatomically.Öğe Morphometric Analysis of Long Bones of Hamdani Crossbred Sheep Fetuses (Ovis aries) in the Second and Third Trimester: 3D Model(2025) Güzel, Barış Can; İşbilir, FatmaObjectives: In our study, it was aimed to obtain 3D models of femur and tibia bones using CT images in Hamdani crossbred sheep fetuses (second and third trimester) and to determine the developmental differences between sexes. Materials-Methods: Fetuses of pregnant sheep slaughtered in Siirt province slaughterhouse were used. The gestational days of the fetuses were estimated using a previously determined formula. A total of 32 Hamdani crossbred sheep fetuses, 16 second trimester (8 females and 8 males) and 16 third trimester (8 females and 8 males) were used in the study. CT imaged the hind leg bones of the fetuses and the images were modeled in 3D Slicer software. Nine measurements were taken from the models. The measurements were evaluated statistically. Results: In the second trimester, the FL parameter had a statistically significant difference between males and females (p<0.01). FDW parameter also showed a significant difference between males and females in this period (p<0.05). In the third trimester, the TPW measurement parameter had a highly significant difference between genders (p<0.01), and the ITDD parameter showed a significant difference between genders in the same period (p<0.05). Conclusions: Osteometric studies are quite limited because bone development continues in the fetal period. In this sense, it is thought that the results of our research, which is the first 3D modeling study, will be useful in the fields of anatomy, zooarchaeology, taxonomy, obstetrics and gynecology, and surgery.Öğe Siirt Renkli Tiftik Keçisi (Capra hircus) ve Romanov Koyunlarında (Ovis aries) Glandula Lacrimalis'in Bilgisayarlı Tomografi Görüntüleriyle Morfometrik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi(Dicle Üniversitesi, 2023) İşbilir, Fatma; Güzel, Barış CanBu çalışma, Siirt renkli tiftik keçisi ve Romanov koyunlarında glandula lacrimalis’in bilgisayarlı tomografi (BT) görüntüleri üzerinden morfometrik özelliklerini belirlemek, cinsiyetler ve türler arası farklılıkları analiz etmek amacıyla yapıldı. Çalışmada on erkek, on dişi Siirt renkli tiftik keçisi ve on erkek on dişi Romaov koyunu’nun glandula lacrimalis’ine ait BT görüntüsü kullanıldı. İki türde de dişi ve erkek hayvanlarda sağ ve sol glandula lacrimalis’e ait transversal, sagital ve dorsal kesitlerden morfometrik ölçümler alındı. Morfometrik değerlerin istatistiki analizi yapıldı. Çalışma sonucunda Romanov koyun ırkında morfometrik ölçüm parametrelerinde cinsiyete bağlı fatklılık belirlenmedi. Siirt renkli tiftik keçisinde ise TY ve DU değerleri bakımından, cinsiyete bağlı istatistiksel farklılıklar gözlendi. İki tür arasında morfometrik parametreler bakımından istatistiksel olarak benzerlik ve farklılıklar belirlendi. Sonuç olarak, erişkin Siirt renkli tiftik keçisi ve Romanov koyunlarının glandula lacrimalis’e ait ölçüm parametrelerinin istatistiksel olarak cinsiyetler ve türler arasındaki farklılıkları bilgisayarlı tomografi görüntüleri kullanılarak tespit edildiÖğe Siirt-Colored Mohair Goat (Capra Hircus) and Romanov Sheep (Ovis Aries) Determination of Morphometric Features of Hyoid Bone via Three Dimensional Modelling(2025) Atlı, Muhammed Zahid; İşbilir, Fatma; Güzel, Barış CanThe hyoid bone is the only bone that connects caudally to the tympanohyoid and stylohyoid processes of the pars petrosa of the temporal bone and does not articulate with any other bone. The hyoid bone plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance and functionality of the respiratory tract, as well as in language functions and swallowing. Morphometric studies on the hyoid bone have been conducted in both humans and animals. With advancements in technology, two-dimensional (2D) structures have been replaced by three-dimensional (3D) modeling. Our study is the first to determine the morphometric properties of the hyoid bone in sheep and goats using the 3D modeling method. For this purpose, 40 hyoid bone models from adult Siirt-colored mohair goats (10 females, 10 males) and Romanov sheep (10 females, 10 males) were utilized. All 40 bones were modeled, and measurements were obtained from the models. Skull sections were taken with a computed tomography device and recorded in DICOM format. The images were transferred to the 3D-Slicer (5.2) software program and 3D models were made. Five morphometric parameters were measured simultaneously for two animal species from these models. Measurement results were evaluated statistically between male and female animals. The correlation between measurement parameters was determined by correlation analysis. As a result of the study, the stylohyal lenght (SL) measurement parameter had a statistical difference between genders in both sheep and goats. Additionally, it was determined that the epihyal lenght (EL) value showed a significant difference between male and female goats in Siirt-colored mohair goats. When the correlation analysis table was examined, it was determined that the SL parameter had a positive correlation with CL and TL, and the TL parameter had a positive correlation with CL and BL in the two animal species. We believe that the differences in the hyoid bone of these two races, which are in the Ruminantia subgroup and have different phenotypes, will contribute to the literature. In addition, the data will serve as a reference for relevant studies in the fields of veterinary medicine, anatomy education, surgery, pathology, and zoo-archaeology.Öğe Ultrastructure of the Tongue of Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo-hybrid breed) Reared in Türkiye Using Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy(2024) İşbilir, Fatma; Kandil, Banu; İşbilir, İhsan; Güzel, Barış CanThe tongue is one of the organs involved in the digestive and sensory system, which plays an important role in feeding strategies in birds. In our study, macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the tongue were determined in turkeys raised in Türkiye. For this purpose, 5 turkey tongues cut for consumption were used. The tongue was divided into apex, corpus, and radix sections and fixed with formaldehyde. After fixation, sections were taken by embedding in paraffin wax using routine histological tissue procedures. The sections were stained with the Masson trichrome staining method and histological features were determined. For scanning electron microscopy, tissue samples fixed by glutaraldehyde solution were coated with gold after the routine procedure and examined under a scanning electron microscope. As a result of the study, the tongue was triangular and conical papillae were observed between the corpus and radix. Two cornified epithelial structures were determined in histological and electron microscopic findings. Microscopic papillae extending from the connective tissue to the epithelial layer on the dorsal surface of the tongue in different directions were quite prominent. Anterior and posterior lingual glands were present in the corpus and radix of the tongue. Electron microscopic examination showed the opening holes of these glands and conic papillae. Although slight differences were observed, the tongue structure was generally similar to that of Galliform birds.
