Optimizing the performance of stefan blowing and nanomaterial's for ternary hybrid nanofluid with gyrotactic microbes and convective boundary conditions

Abstract

The effects of Stefan blowing on the Marangoni convective flow of a ternary hybrid nanofluid on a rotating disk with gyrotactic microbes and a non-uniform heat source are examined in this work using numerical modelling. Examined are the mass and heat phenomena in relation to Stefan blowing impacts. We modify the energy equations and momentum to adjust for the effects of Darcy-Forchheimer flow. The ternary hybrid nanofluid having aluminum oxide (Al2O3), titanium dioxide(TiO2), and Cobalt iron oxide (COFe2O4),based fluid water and nanoparticles is used. It is especially helpful for cooling technologies, bio-microsystems, and biomedical equipment where improved heat transfer and microbial control are essential. The ternary hybrid nanofluid guarantees better thermal conductivity, while the incorporation of gyrotactic microorganisms facilitates bioconvection, enhancing fluid mixing and stability. The model is also applicable to industrial operations that require precise control across heat and mass transmission, such as coating, drying, and material synthesis. The subsequent equations are mathematically resolved using the Bvp4c. It has also been found that increasing the Stefan blowing parameter outcomes in a reduce in the thermal profile and heat transmission rate while increasing the skin friction and velocity profile. © 2025