Coherent control of three-dimensional momentum-space atomic localization by graphene surface plasmon polaritons

Abstract

We theoretically investigate three-dimensional atomic localization in a graphene-assisted plasmonic system via the imaginary part of the surface plasmon polariton dispersion relation. Several coherent optical driving fields are coupled to graphene-supported plasmonic excitations, forming a spatially structured conditional probe absorption profile which can be used for positioning atomic coordinates in 3D. We identify the role of each control parameter, showing that the relative optical phases determine the localization coordinates, the spontaneous decay rates determine the degree of confinement and the topological stability, as well as determining the morphological transitions between different geometry classes, which are driven by the Rabi frequencies and the frequency detunings. We show that by systematically exploring the parameter space of the control parameters, the morphologies of the isosurfaces are ellipsoidal, spherical, cylindrical, toroidal, vase-shaped, lantern-shaped and fragmented, all accessible through external parameter tuning, signifying the full programmability of the localization landscape. The results open the way to graphene-assisted plasmonics as a programmable platform for atomic localization and coherent light-matter manipulation, as well as to the fields of quantum information processing, nanoscale photonics, quantum imaging, plasmonic sensing, and integrated quantum technologies.