The Role of UAVs in Wheat Cultivation from a Carbon Footprint Perspective: An Analysis of Sustainability and Energy Efficiency

Abstract

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in wheat cultivation aligns closely with environmental sustainability goals, particularly in reducing carbon footprint and enhancing energy efficiency. In this context, the environmental advantages of UAVs over conventional agricultural methods have been demonstrated through an examination of their entire life cycle—from production to field application. UAVs contribute significantly to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions due to their low energy consumption, high application precision, and non-soil-compacting structure, while also promoting soil health and biodiversity. Precision applications such as fertilization and pesticide spraying guided by spectral indices like NDVI help minimize resource waste and reduce environmental toxicity. However, for UAV technologies to be widely adopted, it is essential to strengthen technical infrastructure, expand training programs for farmers, and standardize carbon monitoring systems. This study underscores that UAVs must be supported not only on a technical level but also through managerial and policy frameworks, offering a holistic perspective that may contribute to the development of future low-carbon agricultural systems. © Author(s) 2025.