Accumulation and toxicity of arsenic in rice and its practical mitigation

Abstract

Arsenic (As) poisoning in agroecosystem is a major concern globally because rice is a main food source for a vital community in As-polluted areas. This effort is notable for its thorough examination of an extensive series of topics, including the health concerns allied with As disclosure; As sources in soil-rice systems; As toxicity symptoms at various stages of rice growth; As uptake, metabolism, and detoxification; and strategies to reduce As bioaccumulation. Moreover, significant efforts are being made to reduce As accumulation. The effectiveness of mitigation strategies has been thoroughly investigated, with a focus on soil amendments, irrigation management, electrokinetic remediation, exogenous application of chemicals and hormones, phytoremediation, bioremediation, transgenic variety development, and other agronomic techniques. Furthermore, among the various methods currently in use, biotechnology may be a good strategy for reducing As accretion in rice grains. Molecular engineering could be a feasible method for identifying the genes involved in the As metabolic route in plants. Despite this, the majority of these novel approaches are still being researched. As a result, this study explores into As accessibility in paddy soil, the mechanism of plant As uptake, the effects on humans and plants, and remediation approaches for mitigating As accretion. © The Author(s), 2023. All rights reserved.