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Analysis and 3D Imaging of Morphometric - Mineral Structure Changes in Skulls of Male and Female Guinea Pigs During and After Developmental Period
(Soc Chilena Anatomia, 2024) Baygeldi, Saime Betul; Yilmaz, Yucehan; Guzel, Baris Can; Kanmaz, Yesim Aslan; Karan, Meryem; Hark, Betul Dagoglu; Yilmaz, Sadik
Even though morphometric and mineral studies related to the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) skull have been carried out, this study is the first attempt to evaluate all developmental stages of male and female guinea pigs. This study aims to this study is to create 3D modeling of CT images obtained from the skulls of male and female guinea pigs during the developmental period (prepuberty and the period between puberty and adulthood) and following periods (young adulthood and old adulthood), to analyze some biometric bone data such as volume, surface area and length, and to assess the developmental analysis of the mineral matter change in their skulls. The CT-scanned skulls were transferred to 3D Slicer (5.0.2), which is used for 3D modeling. The surface area and volume were calculated by measuring the measurement points on the models. In addition, the XRF device was used to show elemental ratio changes during different developmental stages. According to metric measurements, a gradual increase was observed during the life period. The metric measurements of the skull bone had a higher measurement value in male guinea pigs than in their female counterparts. While Ca/P ratio increased up to the third group and partially decreased in the fourth group in males, it gradually increased from the first group to the fourth group in females. This study revealed that puberty, adulthood and sex were effective in the physical and chemical characterization of skull bone structure in guinea pigs.
Assessing Thoracic Symmetry in Dogs
(Univ Agriculture, Fac Veterinary Science, 2024) Mutlu, Zihni; Altundag, Yusuf; Guzel, Baris Can
This study aimed to conduct a detailed statistical shape analysis of the thorax across various dog breeds, focusing on the identification and characterization of shape variations and asymmetrical features. For this purpose, 3D images of 39 thoracic samples were collected from various regions across T & uuml;rkiye, ensuring a diverse representation of breeds and populations. In the analysis, 136 specific anatomical landmarks were meticulously identified and marked from a lateral view of the thorax for each sample. The study revealed that the first principal component explained 28.89% of the total variation in directional asymmetry, suggesting consistent size or shape differences on one side of the thorax. Additionally, it was found that the first principal component explained 27.82% of the total variation in fluctuating facet asymmetry occurs if one region is consistently greater or has a different shape compared to the opposite and indicates underlying genetic or functional differences. This study highlights the usefulness of geometric morphometric analysis in distinguishing thoracic shape differences among various dog breeds, providing insights into their morphological diversity. Moreover, the findings underscore the potential of geometric morphometric analysis for taxonomic purposes, enabling more precise classification and understanding of breed-specific characteristics. This approach can aid in identifying subtle morphological variations that may be linked to breed history, function, or environmental adaptation.
CBCT-based volumetric analysis of mandibular central incisors for age estimation in children and adolescents: a pilot study
(Nature Portfolio, 2026) Yavuz, Yelda Polat; Dogan, Gizem Karagoz; Guzel, Baris Can; Yavuz, Izzet
This retrospective study evaluated the relationship between pulp volume (PV) and pulp/tooth volume ratio (PTVR) derived from CBCT images of permanent mandibular central incisors for age estimation in 106 children and adolescents aged 8-17.1 years (mean age 12.14 +/- 2.24). Three-dimensional segmentation was performed using 3D Slicer to calculate volumetric parameters, followed by sex-stratified correlation and linear regression analyses. In the total sample, weak but significant negative correlations were observed between age and both PV and PTVR (r = - 0.219 to - 0.234; p < 0.05). Sex-stratified analysis revealed significant correlations in females for right PV (r = - 0.327), right PTVR (r = - 0.357), and left PTVR (r = - 0.310), whereas no significant correlations were found in males (p > 0.05). In females, simple regression models based on right PV (R)& sup2; = 8.8%) and right/left PTVR (R)& sup2; = 11.0% and 7.7%) were significant. In the total sample, simple models were significant but weak (R)& sup2; = 3.9-4.4%). No sex or side differences were detected (p > 0.05). Although CBCT-based volumetric parameters reflect age-related pulpal changes, they demonstrate limited standalone predictive value in this pediatric cohort. Nevertheless, their observed right-left symmetry and sex independence suggest they may serve as supportive biometric indicators within comprehensive forensic age estimation protocols requiring cautious interpretation.
Comparative Fluctuating Asymmetry and Directional Asymmetry in Four Cattle Skulls
(Wiley, 2026) Manuta, Nicoleta; Januzi, Vezir; Ozkan, Ermis; Unal, Burak; Cakar, Buket; Isbilir, Fatma; Guzel, Baris Can
This study investigates fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and directional asymmetry (DA) in the skulls of four cattle breeds: Eastern Anatolian Red, Southern Anatolian Red, Holstein and Simmental by using geometric morphometrics methods. A total of 89 skulls were analysed (Eastern Anatolian Red, n = 16; Southern Anatolian Red, n = 21; Simmental, n = 24; Holstein, n = 28) using 3D landmark based methods, including Procrustes superimposition, principal component analysis (PCA) and Procrustes ANOVA. PCA showed that the first two axes explained 32.39% of DA variation and 26.2% of FA variation, reflecting the multidimensional nature of cranial asymmetry. The results show that DA accounts for a greater proportion of total shape variation than FA, indicating a consistent asymmetry pattern across breeds. PCA revealed overlapping FA among breeds, with Holstein and Eastern Anatolian Red exhibiting greater variation, indicating higher developmental instability. FA, a marker of developmental instability, was most prominent along the horizontal (x-axis) and vertical (y-axis) planes, particularly in the nasal and orbital regions, suggesting mechanical loading as a possible influence. Procrustes ANOVA confirmed significant breed effects for skull shape (p < 0.0001), but asymmetry was not breed dependent. The analysis revealed that DA is primarily influenced by biomechanical factors, such as head posture, muscle attachments and habitual head movements, particularly in the occipital region. In contrast to masticatory structures, nasal asymmetry was linked to respiratory efficiency and environmental adaptation. These findings provide new insights into the role of genetic and environmental influences on cattle skull development and demonstrate the value of geometric morphometrics methods in capturing subtle morphological variation beyond traditional linear measurements.
Comparative Investigation of the Morphological Structure of the Tongue in Lambs and Rams: A Macroscopic, Morphometric Light and Scanning Electron Microscopic Study
(Wiley, 2025) Isbilir, Fatma; Kandil, Banu; Isbilir, Ihsan; Atli, Muhammed Zahid; Guzel, Baris Can
The tongue, which has a unique mucosal structure, undertakes the task of taking food in living things, turning it into morsels, and transmitting it to the oesophagus. This study aimed to investigate the development of tongue papillae in young (lamb) and adult (ram) Hamdani sheep (Ovis aries) by comparing light and electron microscopic features and morphometric characteristics. Tongue tissues of 7 crossbred Hamdani lambs aged 4-6 months and 7 rams aged 1-2 years were used in the study. Tongues were evaluated macroscopically and morphometrically, and light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic descriptions were also performed. In addition to light microscopic identification, parameters such as papillae height, papillae width, epithelial height, and stratum corneum thickness were measured. The morphometric and histometric data were evaluated statistically. The results demonstrated age-related statistical differences in the number of fungiform and vallate papillae (p < 0.05). In rams, epithelial and papilla heights were higher for all papilla types, indicating that tongue tissue develops with age. The higher number of taste papillae in lambs suggests better taste perception in young animals, whereas the increased stratum corneum on filiform papillae in rams indicates more intensive use of the tongue during food intake. In conclusion, tongue papilla morphology shows age-related variations, with both lambs and rams exhibiting distinct morphological features across different papilla types.
Comparison of Skull Morphometric Characteristics of Simmental and Holstein Cattle Breeds
(Mdpi, 2024) Cakar, Buket; Tandir, Faruk; Guzel, Baris Can; Bakici, Caner; Unal, Burak; Duro, Sokol; Szara, Tomaz
Simple Summary This study examined the skull characteristics of Holstein and Simmental cattle to provide reference values for future research. We collected 54 skulls of young male cattle from Turkey to conduct 27 measurements and calculate eight indices. Holstein skulls tended to be longer, though not markedly, but they exhibited notably longer nasal bones and shorter skull lengths. Holsteins also had wider faces. A statistical analysis showed that overall size differences did not separate the breeds, but certain skull features did. Simmental skulls had higher basal index values and wider occipital regions, likely due to their larger skull size and weight, which provides more space for muscle attachment. Holsteins had more oval-shaped eye sockets, while Simmentals had wider, rounder ones. These findings help identify breed-specific traits and offer insights into how each breed's skull structure supports their functions. This knowledge is valuable for breeding and conservation, and future research should look into the genetic and environmental factors influencing these traits.Abstract This study aimed to reveal the morphological characteristics of pure Holstein and Simmental skulls and to obtain reference values for morphometric analysis. Moreover, 54 skulls from 12- to 14-month-old male Holstein (n = 25) and Simmental (n = 29) cattle were collected from Turkey's Southeastern Anatolia Region between 2023 and 2024. Linear measurements indicated that Holsteins had longer skulls compared to Simmentals. Holsteins exhibited significantly higher values for the greatest length of nasals and the shortest skull length. The facial breadth was wider in Holsteins and statistically distinctive between the breeds. Holsteins had a more oval orbital bony roof, while Simmentals exhibited a wider orbital structure. The orbital index was higher in Holsteins, distinguishing between the two breeds. It was observed that Simmental cattle had a wider occipital region. This difference is likely due to the larger lateral appearance of the Simmental skull, which has more body weight and provides a larger surface area for muscle attachment. These differences not only aid in breed identification but also offer insights into the functional adaptations of each breed. Future research should explore the genetic and environmental factors contributing to these morphological traits, further enriching our knowledge of cattle morphology and its implications for breeding and conservation efforts.
Craniometric and Topographic Analysis of British Shorthair and Scottish Fold Cats Using Three-Dimensional Modelling
(Wiley, 2025) Aslan Kanmaz, Yesim; Isbilir, Fatma; Guzel, Baris Can
Background This study aimed to investigate the craniometric and topographic measurements of the skull and mandible of British shorthair and Scottish fold cats using computed tomography and 3D software. Materials and Methods For this purpose, in a total of 26 cats, 13 British shorthair (7 males and 6 females) and 13 (7 males and 6 females) Scottish fold cats were used in the study. The skulls were scanned with 64-detector multislice Siemens computed tomography devices at 80 kV, 200 MA, 639 mGY and 0.625 mm section thickness. The resulting images were saved in DICOM format. They were modelled and measured with 3D slicer software. Results In the study, surface area measurements were found to be statistically significant in both cat breeds (British shorthair: p < 0.01; Scottish fold: p < 0.05). However, in mandibular measurements, the CAP parameter was statistically significant only in Scottish fold cats (p < 0.01), whereas no significant difference was observed in British shorthair cats (p > 0.05). Conclusions Craniometric and topographical measurements were performed in British shorthair and Scottish fold cats using a 3D model to reveal the differences between male and female. It will also guide the determination of taxonomic locations of these two species and the detection of morphometric differences between the sexes.
Developmental three-dimensional examination of the pelvic cavity of Hamdani crossbred sheep fetuses (Ovis aries) in the last two periods of gestation
(Wiley, 2024) Isbilir, Fatma; Guzel, Baris Can
Background: Turkiye is a country in the world ranking in terms of sheep breeding. Hamdani crossbred sheep breed is one of the sheep breeds that can adapt to the difficult conditions in our country. In addition, the sentence may be corrected as 'Especially in the southeastern part of the Turkiye, crossbreeding is preferred by breeders to increase the yield characteristics of sheep'. Objectives: In our study, it was aimed to perform a pelvimetric analysis of Hamdani crossbred sheep fetuses in the second and third trimesters by three-dimensional modelling method. Methods: For this purpose, a total of 40 second-trimester (10 females, 10 males) and third-trimester (10 females, 10 males) fetuses were used. The pelvises of the fetuses were imaged with CT and 3D models were created. Sixteen pelvimetric measurements were performed from the models. The results obtained were evaluated statistically. Results: The study found statistically significant differences between male and female fetuses in terms of vertical diameter (VD) and foramen obturatum width (FOW) measurement parameters in the second trimester. In the third trimester, there were statistically significant differences between genders in acetabulum (AC) (p < 0.01), medial ischial tuberosities (MIT), and ischiatic arch (IA) (p < 0.05) parameters. As a result of the correlation analysis, it was determined that the pelvis length (PL) measurement parameter was positively correlated with different parameters in varying degrees in both periods, while the IA parameter did not show significant correlations with the other parameter in the last two periods of pregnancy. Conclusion: In conclusion, the data obtained will be useful in pelvimetric evaluations of human and animal fetuses, anatomy education, zooarchaeology and taxonomy studies.
Ectoine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles enhance the protection of lacrimal glands and corneal tissues in dry eye disease through modulating NF-?B mediated signaling pathway
(Elsevier, 2026) Toksoy, Mahmut Ozan; Seker, Ugur; Guzel, Baris Can
Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disorder associated with tear film instability, inflammation, and ocular surface damage. This study aimed to develop and evaluate Ectoine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (Ect-SLNs) as a novel ocular drug delivery system to improve corneal penetration, retention, and therapeutic efficacy. Ect-SLNs were formulated using a Box-Behnken design and characterized for particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency. In vitro release kinetics were assessed. Ex vivo ocular retention studies were performed using bovine cornea. In vivo therapeutic efficacy was evaluated in a scopolamine-induced rat model of DED, with histological and immunohistochemical analyses of corneal and lacrimal gland tissues. The optimized Ect-SLN formulation exhibited a mean particle size, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency of 241.3 +/- 32.1 nm, -15.76 +/- -4.14 mV, and 32.84 + 3.15 % respectively. In vitro studies demonstrated that Ect-SLNs showed sustained release following Higuchi kinetics (r(2) = 0.991). Ex vivo studies confirmed 1.6-fold higher corneal retention compared to Ectoine solution. Animal studies showed that Ect-SLNs significantly improved glandular and corneal morphology, epithelial keratinization, apoptotic (Bax, Caspase-3) and pro-inflammatory (TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta) markers through NF-kappa B signaling pathway (p < 0.05). In addition, Ect-SLN formulation significantly inhibited the upregulated EGFR in corneal tissue, which is an important hallmark of neovascularization (p < 0.05). Ect-SLNs provided superior therapeutic benefits over conventional Ectoine solution by enhancing bioavailability, prolonging ocular residence, and modulating inflammatory and apoptotic responses. These findings suggest that Ect-SLNs constitute a promising nanocarrier platform for the clinical management of dry eye disease.
Evaluation of Placentome Morphology in the Last Two Periods of Pregnancy in Hair Goats (Capra aegagrus hircus)
(Wiley, 2024) Isbilir, Fatma; Kandil, Banu; Isbilir, Ihsan; Koca, Davut; Guzel, Baris Can
This study was carried out on pregnant uteruses obtained from healthy Hair goats (Capra aegagrus hircus). A total of thirteen pregnant uteruses, six second and seven third trimesters, were used. Morphometrically, placentome numbers, lengths, widths and depths were measured. Randomly selected placentomes from the second and third trimesters were stained with the triple staining method. Caruncular and cotyledonary areas, capillary numbers and areas were measured using Qupath v0.5.0 software. The Minitab (version 21.4.1) was used for statistical analysis. While no statistical difference was observed in the number of placentomes between trimesters (p > 0.05), placentome length, width and depth were higher in the third trimester compared to the second trimester (p < 0.001). No difference was observed in the number of caruncular and cotyledonary capillaries in the second trimester. In the second trimester, the caruncular capillary area was higher than the cotyledonary capillary area (p < 0.05). Both caruncular and cotyledonary capillary area parameters were higher in the third trimester than in the second trimester (p < 0.001). In the third trimester, the caruncular capillary area was higher than the cotyledonary capillary area (p < 0.001). The number of caruncular capillaries and cotyledonary capillaries was statistically significantly higher in the third trimester compared to the second trimester. In addition, the number of cotyledonary capillaries was higher than that of caruncular capillaries in the third trimester (p < 0.001). A positive and significant correlation was found between the day of pregnancy and the number of placentomes in the second trimester (p < 0.05). No correlation was observed between the day of pregnancy and the number of placentomes in the third trimester. Vascular area density showed a faster development in foetal tissue than in maternal tissue. Placentome size and angiogenesis increased with the progression of pregnancy.
Examination of upper respiratory tracts of Siirt-coloured mohair goats by scanning electron microscopy before and after plastination
(Wiley, 2024) Guzel, Baris Can; Baygeldi, Saime Betul; Ozkan, Zait Ender
Present study was conducted to determine the changes in the surface structure of the upper respiratory tract of Siirt-coloured mohair goats by the silicone plastination method. Accordingly, the heads of 10 Siirt-coloured mohair goats procured from slaughterhouses were divided into two halves. Half of each head was plastinated. After macro-comparisons were made, the deformations of silicone plastination on the surface were examined by comparing the scanning electron microscope (SEM) findings of both upper respiratory tract tissue samples collected from plastinates and fresh material. When the data from scanning electron microscopy were analysed, cilia, cobblestone patterns, goblet cells and gland ducts on the epithelial surface were identified in areas on the upper respiratory tract. The SEM images of the plastinated tissues showed that the surface structures were degenerated due to the deformation of the surface epithelium. The plastination technique damaged the structures on the surface epithelium. Since the plastination technique and scanning electron microscopy have been studied together for the first time, we believe this would contribute to the scientific literature.
Exploring Sexual Dimorphism and Asymmetry in Quail (Coturnix coturnix) Feet Using Geometric Morphometrics
(Mdpi, 2025) Guzel, Baris Can; Unal, Burak; Eroglu, Mehmet; Isbilir, Fatma; Szara, Tomasz
Understanding morphological variation and asymmetry in avian limbs provides essential insights into functional anatomy, locomotor behavior, and developmental stability. In this study, we investigated shape and size variation in the feet of quails (Coturnix coturnix) using two-dimensional geometric morphometric methods. A total of 233 animals were analyzed, representing both the left and right feet of male and female individuals. Nine homologous fixed landmarks were digitized on each foot, and configurations were subjected to Generalized Procrustes Analysis, followed by mirroring of right-side landmarks to ensure consistent orientation. Statistical analyses revealed no significant sexual dimorphism in either foot shape or centroid size. Principal Component Analysis indicated that the main shape variation was distributed individually rather than by sex and primarily affected the relative positions of toes and claws. Procrustes ANOVA confirmed that differences between sexes were not greater than expected by chance. Directional and fluctuating asymmetry were evaluated using a bilateral symmetry model to assess bilateral asymmetry. Directional asymmetry indicated consistent left-right differences, while fluctuating asymmetry reflected individual-level developmental instability and comprised the main source of variation. These findings provide a detailed morphological baseline for quail foot structure and highlight the importance of considering asymmetry in studies of avian functional morphology. The approach may also be a reference for future research into developmental stress, locomotor adaptation, or species-specific anatomical patterns.
Flight muscle architecture and fiber type composition in quail and pigeon: A morphological anatomical and immunohistochemical study
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2026) Isbilir, Fatma; Akkoc, Cansel Guzin Ozguden; Kandil, Banu; Guzel, Baris Can
This study comparatively evaluated the anatomical, histological, and immunohistochemical characteristics of the major flight muscles, m. pectoralis, m. supracoracoideus, and m. latissimus dorsi, in quails (Coturnix coturnix) and pigeons (Columba livia). Samples were obtained from six adult individuals of each species. Following dissection, the origins, insertions, and topographical features of the muscles were documented. For histological assessment, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were processed and stained with Crossman's trichrome. Histometric analyses included muscle fiber count and diameter. In addition, the distributions of slow oxidative (SO), fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG), and fast glycolytic (FG) fibers were determined immunohistochemically using the indirect streptavidin-biotin method. Macroscopic examination revealed species-related differences in the topographical organization of the examined flight muscles, with the m. pectoralis and m. supracoracoideus appearing more prominent in pigeons. Histometric analysis revealed higher muscle fiber counts in pigeons, whereas muscle fiber diameters were significantly greater in quails (p < 0.05). In the m. pectoralis, FOG fibers predominated in pigeons, which had a significantly lower proportion of FG fibers than quails (p < 0.001). FOG fibers were predominant in the m. supracoracoideus of both species, with no significant interspecies difference in fiber type distribution (p > 0.05). In the m. latissimus dorsi, pigeons had a significantly higher proportion of SO fibers than quails (p < 0.05). These anatomical and histological differences in flight muscle architecture and fiber type composition appear to reflect the distinct flight strategies of quails and pigeons and provide further insight into the functional morphology of avian flight.
Macroscopic, Histological and Ultrastructural Features of the Tongue of the Anatolian Wild Boar (Sus scrofa libycus)
(Wiley, 2026) Isbilir, Fatma; Kandil, Banu; Atli, Muhammed Zahid; Isbilir, Ihsan; Guzel, Baris Can
This study provides a detailed characterization of the macroscopic anatomy and microscopic features (light and scanning electron microscopy) of the lingual papillae in the adult Anatolian wild boar (Sus scrofa libycus). Tissue samples were taken from two adult wild boars found dead in their natural habitat within an average of 1.5 h. Following macroscopic observation, samples underwent routine histological processing, histochemical staining, and high-resolution surface morphology analysis via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Morphological analysis revealed five distinct types of papillae: filiform, fungiform, conical, foliate, and vallate. Filiform papillae, exhibiting either sharp or blunt apices, showed structural adaptations specialized for mechanical function. Fungiform papillae were identified in circular and oval forms; notably, taste buds were restricted to the circular type. Foliate papillae, comprising 3-5 distinct folds, lacked taste buds. A pair of vallate papillae, each demarcated by a prominent trench and housing lateral taste buds, was observed on the caudal tongue. Histochemical evaluation using Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) and Alcian Blue (AB) confirmed the presence of both neutral and acidic mucins within the lingual glands. These findings suggest that the lingual morphology of the Anatolian wild boar is closely adapted to its specific dietary habits and ecological niche. This data serves as a critical baseline for comparative anatomy, forensic veterinary medicine, and future morphological research.
Morphological Variation and Integration of the Ethmoidal and Prechiasmatic Regions in Sheep
(MDPI, 2026) Bektas Bilgic, Eylem; Guzel, Baris Can; Isbilir, Fatma; Korkmazcan, Aycan; Altundag, Yusuf; Hadziomerovic, Nedzad; Gundemir, Ozan
This study investigated breed- and sex-related variation in two adjacent regions of the sheep cranial base on the endocranial surface, namely the ethmoidal region (fossa ethmoidalis-crista galli complex) and the prechiasmatic region centered on the sulcus chiasmatis. We hypothesized that breed-related morphometric differences would be detectable in this cranial base region and that the ethmoidal and prechiasmatic regions would show modular separation despite substantial covariation. Three-dimensional landmark data from 113 adult Akkaraman, Morkaraman, and Zom sheep were analyzed. Whole-configuration size differed by breed and sex, ethmoidal size mainly by sex, and prechiasmatic size mainly by breed. Shape analyses showed significant breed effects in the whole configuration and in both regional modules, whereas sex effects were weaker and limited to the whole configuration and prechiasmatic region. Allometry was significant at all levels and was strongest in the two regional modules, especially the prechiasmatic region. Modularity analysis supported the separation of the ethmoidal and prechiasmatic landmarks into two modules, whereas integration analysis indicated a high degree of covariation between them (r-PLS = 0.933), with most shared covariance concentrated on the first PLS axis. These findings indicate that variation in this endocranial cranial base region is detectable in both size and shape, with shape differences identified more consistently across the whole configuration and the two regional modules, although the associated effect sizes were modest. Overall, the results highlight that variation between adjacent cranial base regions is primarily expressed through shape and covariation rather than size alone, providing a morphometric framework for future studies of cranial structure.
Morphometric analysis of the mandible of ram and ewe romanov sheep (Ovis aries) with 3D modelling: A CT study
(Wiley, 2023) Isbilir, Fatma; Guzel, Baris Can
2D images view hardly measurement points due to the overlap of anatomical features. This challenge is overcome by 3D modelling. In particular, images obtained by computed tomography are converted into 3D models through certain software. In sheep breeds with high polymorphism, some changes have occurred in their morphology due to both environmental and genetic factors. In this context, determining the osteometric measurements of sheep and revealing breed-specific characteristics provide very important data for forensic, zooarchaeological, and developmental sciences. Mandibular reconstruction measurements are used to reveal differences between species and between sexes and for treatment and surgery in many fields of medicine. In the present study, morphometric characteristics were determined by 3D modelling from computed tomography images obtained from mandibles of Romanov ram and ewe. For this purpose, mandibles of 16 Romanov sheep (eight females and eight males) were used. They were scanned using a 64-detector MDCT device at 80 kV, 200 MA, 639 mGY, and 0.625 mm slice thickness. CT scans were recorded in DICOM format. Reconstructions of the images were made using a special software program. Volume and surface area measurements were made with 22 osteometric parameters of the mandible. GOC-ID had a statistically significant positive correlation with GOC-ID, PC-ID, GOC-MTR, GOC-PTW, GOC-FMN, PMU, MDU, PDU, DU, GOV-PC, GOV-IMD, MTR-MH, MO-MH, FMN- ID, BM, MG, and CG (p < 0.01). GOC-ID had a statistically significant correlation with MTR-ID, GOV-CR, PTW-MH and SI (p < 0.05). When the CR-PC measurement point was examined, it was observed that it had no statistically significant correlation with all measurement points (p > 0.05). As a result of the measurement, it was found that the volume and surface areas were higher in rams than in ewes. The morphometric data obtained would be a reference income in the fields of zoo-archaeology, anatomy, forensics, anaesthesia, surgery, and treatment.
Morphometric analysis of the skulls of a ram and ewe Romanov sheep (Ovis aries) with 3D modelling
(Wiley, 2024) Guzel, Baris Can; Isbilir, Fatma
Background: With the development of technology, 2D images have left their place for 3D models. The 3D modelling technique is widely used in plastic surgery, orthopaedic surgery, neurosurgery, traumatology, dentistry and medical education. The skull is important in terms of containing the starting parts of systems with vital functions. Objective: The aim of the study is to reveal the difference between male and female and other species by 3D (three-dimensional) modelling and craniometric measurements of Romanov heads. Methods: In our study, skulls of Romanov sheep (10 females and 10 males) older than 1-year-old were used. The heads of Romanov sheep were scanned with computed tomography and modelled in 3D. Results and Conclusions: In the study, it was determined that there was a statistically significant difference between male and female sheep in terms of the largest nose length, facial width, molar row length, viscerocranium length, and foramen magnum height parameters (p < 0.05). It was determined that the greatest width of the foramen magnum measurement parameter and the skull index showed statistically significant differences between the genders at the p < 0.01 level. No statistically significant difference was found in other measurements (p > 0.05). The data obtained as a result of the study will help in the racial discrimination and classification of bones obtained from zoo archaeological excavations.
Morphometric Assessment of Pelvic Asymmetry in Domestic Cats and Dogs
(MDPI, 2026) Altundag, Yusuf; Eravci Yalin, Ebru; Bayraktar, Simge; Karabagli, Murat; Bektas Bilgic, Eylem; Guzel, Baris Can; Spataru, Mihaela-Claudia
This study used 3D landmark-based geometric morphometrics under an object-symmetry framework to quantify pelvic asymmetry in domestic cats and dogs while explicitly accounting for measurement error through replicate digitizations. Procrustes ANOVA revealed significant components of both directional asymmetry (DA) and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in the overall dataset, and DA was further visualized as a structured, non-random pattern across the landmark configuration. Measurement error remained smaller than the FA component, yielding high repeatability, indicating that the detected asymmetry patterns were not driven by landmarking imprecision. Group-wise summaries are presented as descriptive patterns of the sample (rather than direct between-group inference). In these descriptive summaries, cats tended to show a more coherent DA pattern, whereas dogs showed greater individual variation consistent with a relatively stronger FA component; males also tended to exhibit greater FA-related dispersion than females. In regression models of FA, age showed no association, body mass exhibited only a weak trend, and sex emerged as a significant predictor, while species showed no detectable effect when covariates were included. Collectively, these results support the hypothesis that pelvic shape contains both systematic (DA) and individual-specific (FA) asymmetry components, with sex-related differences in FA magnitude, but limited evidence for age- or weight-related effects within the sampled range. The study provides a repeatable framework and baseline reference for pelvic asymmetry in cats and dogs.
Morphometric Variability in the Calcaneus of Sheep (Ovis aries) and Goats (Capra hircus)
(Wiley, 2025) Duro, Sokol; Szara, Tomasz; Manuta, Nicoleta; Guzel, Baris Can; Atanasoff, Alexander; Olbrych, Katarzyna; Gundemir, Ozan
Distinguishing between sheep (Ovis aries) and goat (Capra hircus) calcanei is challenging due to their close taxonomic relationship and skeletal similarities, which complicates species identification in veterinary, comparative anatomy, and zooarchaeological contexts. The calcaneus is a robust and functionally significant bone in small ruminants, providing valuable insights into their biomechanical adaptations. This study conducted a comprehensive morphometric analysis of the calcaneus in sheep (n = 163, including Akkaraman, Hamdani, Morkaraman, and Da & gbreve;l & imath;& ccedil; breeds) and goats (n = 61, Hair Goats), using a digital caliper to measure 10 standardized linear parameters focused on critical calcaneal tuber and articular surface dimensions, capturing functional weight-bearing and joint articulation aspects. Notably, the maximum width of the sustentaculum tali, which supports the talus and enhances tarsal joint stability, consistently showed larger values in sheep than in goats. Overall, sheep exhibited larger measurements, reflecting adaptations to distinct locomotor and ecological roles. A simplified linear discriminant analysis, based on key functional measurements, achieved a classification accuracy of 87.1%, highlighting the utility of these morphological features in species differentiation. Correlation analysis further revealed strong interrelationships among measurements, indicating coordinated growth patterns in the calcaneus. These findings establish a robust reference framework for future comparative anatomy, veterinary science, and zooarchaeology studies, underscoring the diagnostic and functional importance of the calcaneus in small ruminants.
Morphometric, macroscopic and microscopic investigation of glandulae uropygiale in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo)
(Wiley, 2024) Isbilir, Fatma; Ozguden Akkoc, Cansel Guzin; Isbilir, Ihsan; Ozoner, Ozgur; Guzel, Baris Can; Arican, Ilker; Atalgin, Sukru Hakan
This study was carried out to investigate the macroanatomical, morphometric, histological, and electron microscopic characteristics of the uropygial gland in adult male and female turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). The glandula uropygialis of 13 adult turkeys (6 males and 7 females) were used for this study. It was determined that this glandular structure located dorsal to the last caudal vertebrae was heart-shaped and consisted of two lobes and a papilla system. As a result of statistical evaluation, significant differences were found between the sexes in the parameters of lobe length, papilla width and papilla height (p < .05). Also, papilla uropygialis index (PUI) value had a statistically significant difference (p < .05). Tissue samples taken to determine the histological structure of the gland were stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin, Crossman's triple, periodic acid Schiff (PAS), diastase, and orcein. Histological examination revealed that the gland had a two-lobed structure surrounded by a capsule composed of connective tissue. It was determined that the gland had a tubular structure and the epithelial layer consisted of cellular layers as a germinative layer, intermediate layer, secretory layer, and degenerative layer from the periphery to center. In the scanning electron microscope examination, the lobe structure of the gland consisted of different shaped follicles protruding from the surface. It was observed that these glandular follicle structures were gathered together in different ways or mostly disorganized. As a result of the study, it was determined that the morphological and histological structure of the uropygial gland in turkeys was similar to that of other bird species, but showed some species-specific and habitat-dependent differences in general. Ar & imath;can Research Highlights The uropygial gland consisted of a system of two lobes and one papilla in each of male and female turkeys. The glandular lobes consisted of follicles surrounded by connective tissue, while the follicles were connected to each other by interfollicular septae. The results obtained in morphometric measurements revealed statistical differences between male and female birds. Histological examination showed periodic acid Schiff (PAS) (+) reaction in the basal membranes of tubule epithelial cells and secretion. Lymphoid cell communities were found in both connective tissue and intertubular regions. The fact that the reaction was not glycogen-induced was determined by the observation of PAS positivity as a result of staining with the PAS-diastase technique.

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