Plant adaptation to hypoxia or anoxia stress conditions

Oxygen is an essential factor that has been reported to limit plant growth and development particularly under water submergence and water logging regimes. Such conditions as normoxic, hypoxic and anoxic are experiences by the plants over time and space. Thus, in response to the stimulation of oxygen deficiency, plants are endowed with a number of physiological and anatomical adjustments which have been described in great detail. Consequently, fundamental knowledge of metabolic reactions and molecular regulation under these conditions remains limited. The knowledge of plant responses to anoxia and hypoxia for stress tolerance and systemic strategies is needed for the generation of new high-li tolerance varieties for lowland, flood, and waterlogged environments. In this review, changes and the latest developments in biochemical and molecular techniques during hypoxia have been outlined. These adaptations effectively involve the buildup of tolerance against anoxia and hypoxia, the active process that costs substantial amounts of plant resources in functional maintenance for postanoxia escape behaviors. Understanding of biochemical and molecular mechanisms may help in designing the modern molecular and or conventional breeding practices, and management practices to enhance anoxia, hypoxia tolerance in crop plants. © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.