Energy Budgeting and Greenhouse Gas Emission of Pomegranate Production in Türkiye

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the energy use and greenhouse gas emission in ‘Zivzik’ pomegranate production in Siirt province, Türkiye. The main material of the study was the data obtained from 186 pomegranate producers by the survey method. The total and average pomegranate orchard area in the research area were calculated as 98.80 ha and 0.53 ha, respectively. Total energy input in pomegranate production was found to be 53,831.72 MJ ha−1 and energy output was found to be 66,227.11 MJ ha−1. In pomegranate production, energy use efficiency was 1.23, energy productivity was 0.65 kg MJ−1, specific energy was 1.54 MJ kg−1, and net energy was 12,395.39 MJ ha−1. The shares of direct, indirect, renewable, and non-renewable energy sources were found to be 30.79%, 69.21%, 12.57% and 87.43%, respectively. Total greenhouse gas emission was determined as 4504.21 kg CO2‑eq ha−1, and the greenhouse gas emission ratio was determined as 0.129 kg CO2‑eq kg−1. It was concluded that fertilizer input had the highest share in pomegranate input energy equivalents and greenhouse gas emissions. Since the energy use efficiency is higher than 1, it is possible to say that the inputs are used efficiently, but this ratio can be increased by using more efficient inputs. © The author(s), exclusively licensed to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, a part of Springer Nature 2025.