Karrikins biosynthesis, signaling route, regulatory roles, and hormonal crosstalk in plant soil system

Abstract

Modern agriculture will face new obstacles, such as the increased frequency of forest and grassland fire outbreaks brought on by climate change, which will call for creative solutions. The chemicals known as karrikins are present in smoke produced by burning plant matter. Several additional known functions, including seed germination and other photo-morphogenetic processes, are linked to them. Nowadays, it is becoming clearer how KARs can improve plant performance in a variety of ecological limits. KARs not only regulate antioxidative metabolism (SOD, POX, GR, APX) but also up-regulate the expression of several stress-related genes in plants to reduce oxidative stress in plants brought on by biotic and abiotic factors. Plants have an intricate tolerance mechanism that includes stomatal pore management, systemic communication, redox equilibrium maintenance, and other functions to cope with abiotic stressors. In Arabidopsis thaliana, Karrikins signaling is mediated by the F-box protein MAX2, which also controls responses to the structurally related strigolactone family of phytohormones. This review paper goes into great detail about the discovery, biosynthesis, and signaling mechanism of karrikins as well as their interactions with other phytohormones and future prospects.