Herbicide Resistance from First Reports to the Present Day: Global Trends and Integrated Weed Management Approaches

Abstract

Herbicides are among the most widely used methods in modern agriculture for controlling weeds. However

the intensive use of herbicides over many years

mostly with active ingredients possessing the same mode of action

has led to the emergence and rapid spread of herbicide resistance in weed populations. Today

herbicide resistance is recognized as a major problem that negatively affects agricultural production and yield. In this review

cases of resistance recorded in the International Herbicide-Resistant Weed Database (www.weedscience.org) were examined based on global data on herbicide resistance in weeds. The study evaluated the change in herbicide resistance over the years based on countries

modes of action

active ingredients

weed species

and crop plants; it revealed in which production systems and herbicide groups resistance is concentrated. The data obtained show that resistance to commonly used modes of action

such as ALS (Acetolactate synthase)

EPSP (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate)

and PSII (Photosystem II) inhibitors

is frequently reported in many countries and that resistance to multiple modes of action has developed in some weed species. Consequently

it is evident that relying solely on chemical methods to manage herbicide resistance is insufficient. Therefore

it is important to adopt integrated weed management approaches that combine cultural

mechanical

biological

and chemical methods. This review aims to contribute to understanding the current situation regarding herbicide resistance and evaluating approaches to existing control methods.