Nitrogen-Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride With Defect-Rich Structure for Efficient Pb (II) and Cd (II) Removal From Aqueous Solutions

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dc.contributor.authorSaka, Cafer
dc.contributor.authorTegin, Ibrahim
dc.contributor.authorBaykara, Rabia
dc.date.accessioned2026-10-23T18:14:15Z
dc.date.available2026-10-23T18:14:15Z
dc.date.issued2026
dc.departmentSiirt Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractThe presence of toxic heavy metals such as Pb (II) and Cd (II) in water poses severe risks to ecosystems and human health. In this study, nitrogen-doped graphitic carbon nitride (N@g-C3N4) was synthesized via an ammonia-assisted hydrothermal route to enhance its adsorption performance toward Pb (II) and Cd (II) ions. Structural and surface analyses confirmed that nitrogen heteroatom doping generated abundant defect sites and nitrogen-containing functional groups, significantly improving surface reactivity compared to pristine g-C3N4. Batch adsorption experiments revealed that N@g-C3N4 exhibits markedly enhanced adsorption capacity, strongly dependent on solution pH, contact time, and temperature. The adsorption isotherms were well described by the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer adsorption on homogeneous active sites. Kinetic data followed the pseudo-first-order model, suggesting a surface-controlled adsorption process. Thermodynamic analysis demonstrated that the adsorption of both Pb (II) and Cd (II) is spontaneous and endothermic. The enhanced performance is attributed to synergistic electrostatic attraction, surface complexation, and coordination interactions between metal ions and nitrogen-rich functional groups. This work highlights nitrogen heteroatom engineering as an effective strategy to develop high-performance g-C3N4-based adsorbents for wastewater treatment.
dc.description.sponsorshipSiirt University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit [2024 SIdot;FBE-035] -- This work was supported by the Siirt University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (2024 S & Idot;UFBE-035).
dc.identifier.doi10.1002/aoc.70577
dc.identifier.issn0268-2605
dc.identifier.issn1099-0739
dc.identifier.issue5
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105035798859
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ2
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1002/aoc.70577
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12604/12354
dc.identifier.volume40
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001751312300006
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherWiley
dc.relation.ispartofApplied Organometallic Chemistry
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20261017
dc.subjectCadmium (Ii)
dc.subjectGraphitic Carbon Nitride
dc.subjectHeavy Metal Adsorption
dc.subjectLead (Ii)
dc.subjectNitrogen Doping
dc.titleNitrogen-Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride With Defect-Rich Structure for Efficient Pb (II) and Cd (II) Removal From Aqueous Solutions
dc.typeArticle

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