Exploring Skull Morphology in East Anatolian Red Cattle and South Anatolian Red Cattle Breeds Through 3D Modelling

This study aimed to investigate the skull morphometry and morphology of East Anatolian Red (EAR) and South Anatolian Red (SAR) cattle breeds using advanced 3D modelling techniques to establish comprehensive reference values. The study was based on 27 measurements and eight indices of the 42 skulls of male cattle collected from slaughterhouses in Türkiye. Craniometric measurements were analysed to identify potential morphological differences between the two breeds. Despite some observed differences in specific measurements, no statistically significant variations in skull morphometry between East Anatolian Red and South Anatolian Red cattle were found. SAR cattle exhibited a larger neurocranium than EAR. SAR cattle generally have a broader and more robust skull with a more pronounced nuchal crest and greater breadth of the foramen magnum. High variability within the EAR group suggested significant intra-breed diversity, possibly due to genetic or environmental factors. The reference values established in this study serve as a crucial benchmark for monitoring morphological changes across generations and assessing the impact of selective breeding on skull structure. These findings contribute to the broader understanding of evolutionary developments and adaptations in cattle breeds, with significant implications for veterinary morphology, taxonomy, and breeding programs.